2009年职称英语考试阅读理解必背解题技巧
2009-05-26 20:37:38   来源：   作者：  评论：0 点击：

2009年职称英语考试完形填空必背解题技巧

　　第一节 完形填空的考查重点

　　完形填空旨在测试考生对语言的理解程度和综合运用语言的能力。职称英语考试中的完形填空测试是一篇难度适中，长度为150词左右的短文。短文中留出15个空白，每个空白为一题，每题有四个选项。要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上选择最佳答案，使短文意思完整、文理通顺、结构严谨、主题明确。

　　完形填空难于单句填空，因为它要求应试者从单句的理解水平提高到语篇的理解水平。完形填空所设计的每一处空白在内容上都与上下文密切相关，因此在做这类考题时，我们不应像对待单句选择那样去孤立地解决某一问题。要做好完形填空，考生不但要有相当的语法、词汇、写作知识及运用技巧，而且要有一定的语篇分析能力，较好的语感和逻辑思维以及比较广泛的背景知识。

　　完形填空考题的设计一般是从以下三个方面出发的：(1)语法结构，(2)词法结构，(3)上下文之间的逻辑关系。在15个选项中，要求填入实词(动词、名词和形容词等)的约占70%，其他为虚词(介词、副词等)的约占30%。要填的词几乎涉及各个词类，动词含有不同的时态和语态。

　　第二节 完形填空的解题技巧

　　完形填空的一般解题步骤是：

　　1.通读全文。首先要阅读整篇文章，理解全文内容。同时对全文的语言表达方式，比如文章用的时态、语态、文章的措辞与口气等方面得出大致印象。

　　2.逻辑判断。在阅读全篇的基础上，开始从头判断每个空所缺的词的语言形式，如词类、时态、语态;并判断该词应具有的符合文章上下文的词义。

　　3.理解选择。从给出的4个选项中，选出在语法与词义上均与原文相符合的一个。

　　考生要提高完形填空的成绩，首先应注重提高自己应用语言的各种能力。这就要求他们：

　　1.选择词时，应善于通过阅读上下文找出与空中所缺词有关的词境线索。比如，注意前面是否已经提到该词所涉及的内容，所缺词应是肯定形式还是否定形式等。

　　2.职称英语考试中的完形填空有四个给定选项，所以考生答题时可采用排除法，就是把给出的4个词中在语法或词义方面不恰当的词排除掉，从而找出正确答案。

　　3.做完形填空试题时，比较忌讳看一个空填一个空。这样做，尽管所选的词，可能从语法和词义上都比较合适，但由于缺乏对整篇文章的了解，可能会出现一连串选词错误，造成这些句子的句意与全篇文章的意思不和谐，甚至出现前后矛盾的现象。

　　4.通过对近几年职称英语考试完形填空试题的分析，我们发现，在所需填的词中，结构词占一定比例，但至少60%以上是实义词，难度较大。考生若没有对全文的正确理解，就不可能把这些空中所缺的词全部填对。

　　5.考生在阅读的过程中要注意知识的积累，特别要加强对语言感受力的培养。完形填空不是单句填空，要求通过一定的语境线索进行分析，所以考生只有通过大量的阅读，增强语感和对语言的敏感程度。

　　6.考试中虽然只有一篇完形填空，但选材范围很广。所以考生平日应广闻博记，熟悉各种不同文体、不同题材，以及不同语言风格的文章。

　　第三节 完形填空 —— 必背文章汇总

　　1 Eat for a Good and Healthful Life

　　Food keeps us alive. It is our sustenance and our pleasure. But recently, research has shown that the eating habits of the average Americans may be dangerous to future health.

　　The foods Americans now choose are oftentimes too rich in calories and fats, so this article reports a new study: Diet and Health, Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk.

　　The study, conducted by the National Research Council's Committee on Diet and Health, concludes that balancing nutrition, calories and activity is key to enjoying a long and healthful life.

　　The report recommends that most Americans increase physical activity to a moderate level and make changes in food choices and calories intake to maintain ideal weight.

　　Most of us — even those of us at ideal weight — need to eat less fat so that no more than 30% of our daily calories will come from fat.

　　That means cutting down on red meat and whole milk dairy products. Indeed, eat fish, chicken without skin, lean meats, and low — fat and no — fat dairy products.

　　The report of the Committee on Diet and Health recommends we eat five or more 1/2 — cup servings of vegetables and fruits daily — especially green and yellow vegetables and citrus fruits.

　　Eating more fruits and vegetables doesn't have to mean increased calories intake. Many plant foods are nutrient — rich; they provide many vitamins and minerals for very few calories.

　　Nutrient — rich foods are particularly important for Americans over 50. As we age, we need to eat less because our bodies need fewer calories to function properly. But we still need full measures of vitamins and minerals to release the energy in our foods and make us feel strong and healthy. [卫生类C]

　　为好而健康的生活而吃饭

　　食品维持着我们的生存。它是我们的营养品也是我们的乐趣。但近来的研究表明，普通美国人的饮食习惯对未来健康可能是危险的。

　　美国人现在所选择的食物常常富含卡洛里和脂肪。所以这篇文章将报道一项新的研究：饮食与健康，减少慢性病风险的暗示。

　　这次由国家卫生饮食调查委员会进行的调查得出的结论认为：营养的均衡、卡洛里以及活动是健康长寿的关键。

　　报告建议大多数美国人把活动提高到一个适当的程度并且要改变对食物的选择和卡洛里的摄入以保持理想的体重。

　　大多数人——甚至那些体重理想的人——必须少吃脂肪，以使我们所摄入的脂肪的卡洛里不超过30%。

　　这意味着少吃牛羊肉以及各种各样的乳品。确实，要吃些鱼，不带皮的鸡肉、瘦肉以及低脂肪的或脱脂肪乳制品。

　　卫生饮食委员会建议大家每天吃5份或5份半的水果和蔬菜——特别是绿色和黄色蔬菜以及柑橘类水果。

　　吃更多的水果和蔬菜不一定就意味着卡洛里摄入量的提高。许多来源于植物的食品维生素和矿物质很多，含热量却很少。

　　对于50岁以上的美国人，营养丰富的食品尤为重要。当我们变老时，我们必须吃得更少，因为我们的身体发挥正常机能所需的卡洛里减少。但我们仍然需要从食物中获得足量的维生素和矿物质来释放能量，以使我们健康强壮。[卫生类C]

　　2 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live

　　It's now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it-one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?

　　In reality, of course, it was native to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potent potential weapon. 1 Undoubtedly several nations still have several. And the last "official" stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.

　　Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there's a good reason to keep the virus-just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.

　　How do we deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple. Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that's open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn't mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, the let's make it the servant of all humanity-not just a part of it. [综合类B、理工类C、卫生类C]

　　一个让天花存在的好理由

　　目前很可能我们永远都不会看到天花的彻底绝迹。这个观念掩盖1980年的光辉成就，那时消灭了最后两个拥有这种致命病毒的实验室的病毒后。四处蔓延的天花已经被根除了。那两个实验室，一个在美国，一个在俄国。如果天花真的在这个星球上消失了，那么保留这些储备的意义何在?

　　当然，事实上想像每个人都会放弃这样一种有效的潜在的武器是幼稚的。无疑，几个国家仍旧有几瓶。美俄最后的“官方”的活病毒储备引起大家对这两个国家的不信任，因为并没有获得明显的收获。

　　现在美国研究者们发现了人类疾病的动物版，为试验新的治疗方法和新的疫苗开辟了道路。因此，再次存在着一个保存病毒的理由——万一这种病卷土重来。

　　我们怎样应付对美国和俄国的不信任呢?很简单。把病毒放在国际赞助的、被严密监视和向所有国家开放的联合国实验室中。针对的对象当然是美国，因为它反对任何事务的多边化。但是这并不意味着这个想法是错的。如果病毒是有用的，那么让我们把它变成全人类的奴仆——而不是一部分人的。[综合类B、理工类C、卫生类C]

　　3 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers

　　Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.

　　Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer, but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity play a major role.

　　"Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese," he said.

　　While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.

　　Obesity raises the risk if breast, wind, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver. Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.

　　Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hopping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answer.

　　Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.

　　Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate. [卫生类C]

　　饮食，酒精与大约三分之一的癌症有关

　　一位重要的研究者在星期二说，饮食是仅次于吸烟的导致癌症的原因，在发达国家饮食和酒精导致了大约1/3的癌症。

　　牛津大学的提姆•凯博士在癌症会议上说，科学家们正在研究特定的食物是怎样导致癌症的，但是他们知道，饮食、酒精和肥胖起了很大作用。

　　他说：“如果没有肥胖的人，癌症能够减少5%。”

　　然而吸烟和大约30%的癌症有关，饮食和大约25%的癌症有关，酒精和大约6%的癌症有关。

　　肥胖增加了乳腺、子宫、肠和肾脏得癌症的危险，而人们知道酒精会导致嘴、喉咙和肝脏的癌症。以上因素如果和抽烟共同发生，危险性就会更大。

　　凯在英国慈善癌症研究会议上说，人们还不知道与癌症相关的饮食中的其他因素，但是科学家们希望EPIC研究能够给出答案。EPIC研究正在比较10个国家50万人的饮食和患癌症的比例。

　　这个研究的早期结果揭示挪威、瑞典和丹麦消费水果和蔬莱的量在欧洲国家中是最低的，而意大利和西班牙的水果和蔬菜消费量是最大的。专家推荐每天至少食用五份水果和蔬菜来减少得癌症的风险。

　　EPIC研究的带头科学家——凯说他们现在正在关注饮食和一些非常普遍的癌症之间的联系，包括直肠癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌。[卫生类C]

　　4 Passive Smoking Is Workplace Killer

　　Pressure mounted on Britain on Monday to take action on passive smoking with new research showing second-hand smoke kills about one worker each week in the hospitality industry.

　　Professor Konrad Jamrozik, of Imperial College in London. Told a conference on environmental tobacco that second-hand smoking kills 49 employees in pubs. Restaurants and hotels each year and contributes to 700 deaths from lung cancer, heart disease and stroke across the total national work force.

　　"Exposure in the hospitality industry at work outweighs the consequences of exposure of living with a smoker for those staff," Jamrozik said in an interview.

　　Other researchers have measured the levels of exposure to passive smoking but Jamrozik calculated how it would translate into avoidable deaths.

　　His findings are based on the number of people working in the hospitality industry in Britain, their exposure to secondhand smoke and their suffering of dying form it.

　　Jamrozik said the findings would apply to most countries in Europe because, to a greater or lesser extent, levels of smoking in the community are similar.

　　Professor Carol Black, president of the Royal College of Physicians. Which sponsored the meeting, said the research is proof of the need for a ban on smoking in public places.

　　"Environmental tobacco smoke in pubs, bars, restaurants and other public places is seriously damaging to the health of employees as wells as the general public," she said in a statement.

　　"Making these places smoke-free not only protects vulnerable staff and the public, it will also help over 300,000 people in Britain to stop smoking completely." she added.

　　Ireland recently became the first country to introduce a national ban on smoking in public places. New York and parts of Australia have taken similar measures. [卫生类C]

　　被动吸烟是工作场所的杀手

　　当新的研究表明在服务行业二手烟每星期导致一个工人死亡后，英国在星期一就受到新被动吸烟采取行动的强大压力。

　　伦敦皇家学院的康拉德•吉姆罗兹克教授在环境烟草大会上说，在酒馆、酒吧、饭店和旅馆，二手烟每年杀死49个工作人员，使全国的工作人员中的700人因为肺癌、心脏病以及中风而死亡。

　　吉姆罗兹克在一次访谈中说：“对员工来说在服务行业工作比和吸烟者一起生活产生的后果更严重。”

　　其他的研究者衡量受到被动吸烟威胁的程度，而吉姆罗兹克计算这将如何转化成可以避免的死亡。

　　他的发现基于英国服务行业的工作人数，他们受到了二手烟的危害并且有可能因此而死亡。

　　吉姆罗兹克说这些发现应该用于欧洲大部分国家，因为在这些社会中吸烟的程度或多或少有相似性。

　　主办这个会议的皇家医学院院长卡罗•布莱克教授说，这个研究证明需要禁止在公共场所吸烟。

　　她在一次讲话中说：“酒馆、酒吧、饭店和其他公共场所的环境烟草正在严重地损害着工作人员和大众的身体健康。”

　　她又补充说：“使这些场所禁烟不仅能够保护易受伤害的工作人员和公众，还可以帮助英国30万人完全戒烟。”

　　爱尔兰最近成为第一个实行全国公共场所禁烟的国家。纽约和澳大利亚的某些地区也实施了相似的政策。[卫生类C]