高级医学英语阅读与写作Chapter 8 Mechanics of Writing
2012-07-20 22:01:48   来源：37度医学网   作者：  评论：0 点击：

                         

The slash (/)
The slash is used to indicate choice meaning 'or' and separation similar to a comma.
 
      

Choice	Separation
his/her destiny = his or her destiny the patient's blood and/or urine = the patient's blood and urine or blood or urine	inward vision/inward fears/an inward  existence = inward vision, inward fears, an inward existence       irregular attendance/irregular troops = irregular attendance, irregular troops

                                  
V. Italics (slanting print)
       A.   Italics are used to specify an emphasized word or part. e.g.
 
              “Send” can be used us a verb. She sent me a telegraph yesterday.
“How do you do?” is used for formal greetings. e.g. “How do you do,” Mary? “How do you do,” Fred?
And yet there is a fifth freedom —basic to those four —that we are in danger of losing: the freedom to be one’s best.
 
B.   Italics are used to denote titles of books, magazines and newspapers, movies, plays, all independently published works (with initial capitals for open-class words) instead of quotation marks. e.g.
 
              His next play was Peach in Dark. (= His next play was “Peach in Dark”.)       
              Brown, G & Yule, G: Discourse Analysis, Cambridge Uni. Press, 1983.
Quirk, R. et al: A University Grammar of English, London: Longman, 1973. (= Quirk, R. et al: “A University Grammar of English” London: Longman, 1973.)
 
C.   Italics are applied to denote foreign words. e.g.
 
              He distrusts her and vice versa.
But the trend is clear. Tout comprendre c’est tout pardonner (To understand everything is to excuse everything).
 
       D.   Italics are used to indicate letters, words, and numbers used as words. eg.
             
              Your r’s look very much like your l’s. (letters used as words)
              You should try to eliminate the um’s and er’s from your speech.
 
Note       Italics can be substituted by underlining in handwriting and typing.
 
He distrusts her and vice versa.

 

VI. Writing Assignments

 
Exercise 8-1        The use of comma
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Write out the following sentences, inserting commas whenever necessary.
 
1.      Intellectual activities such as reading a good book listening to a favourite record or going to a play, serve to revitalize our mental process.
2.      She lives at 34 Rue Temple Geneva Switzerland.
3.      I stood at his left my finger on the button waiting for the order.
4.      The next time you come Dave you must bring Earl alone.
5.      The menu offered beef bacon asparagus toast and jelly bread and butter, and coffee with sugar.
6.      History one would think ought to teach people not to make the same mistakes over again.
7.      On the other hand if one is strong he can go all out to overcome the obstacles on his way.
8.      The conference was held on April 12 1986 in Phonix Arizonza U.S.A.
9.      My father who is very fond of sports often takes us to the ice skating rink at Rockefeller Plaza.
10.  Finally we concluded that the letter had been burned that someone had taken it or that it had never been written.
11.  We left the attic Father locked the door and Mother suggested that we never unlock it again.
12.  They did not offend me in the least for I knew that a man in his position could have little time to spare.
13.  It may be a desk or a chair at home or in the school library but it should be comfortable and it should not have distractions.
14.  Young drivers who are not well trained cause most of our minor automobile accidents.
15.  His scholastic ability is far above average and his personality is very engaging.
16.  Seeing a nightingale for the first time is disappointing hearing one for the first time unforgettable.
17.  There is a lot of work for Londoners in offices and shops though the government has encouraged offices as well as factories to move out of London.
18.  My aunt was angry because she was left out not because the party was noisy.
19.  “If I don’t make all the right choices now” one of them said “it will be too late.”
20.  Did he join the army on Feb. 12, 1988 or Feb. 25, 1990?
 
Exercise 8-2       Capital letters     
_______________________________________________________________
 
Use capital letters where necessary in the following:
 
1.    the practice of management by peter drucker, first published in 1954, is still going strong.
2.      once he told me, “they said, ‘don’t leave the bank before we get there. see how fast we are swimming to you!”
3.      williams college, a prestigious liberal arts school in massachusetts, announced last month that its tuition would remain steady at $31,599.
4.      write to 2515 green bay circle, white lake, Minnesota 52130, if you want the brochures.
5.      soon, he was away in his new 16-metre boat, gipsy moth.
6.      queen elizabeth knighted him with the very sword that queen elizabeth I used almost 400 years to knight sir francis drake.
7.      “who is it for?” the Mexican woman said.
“mrs. rosa Sandoval, 1129 g street,” homer said.
 
Exercise 8-3       Punctuation error correction
________________________________________________________________
 
Correct the punctuation errors in the following sentences. (The corrections might require eliminating the unnecessary marks, correcting wrongly used marks or inserting appropriate marks.)
 
1.      The sailor’s who want to go ashore for two day’s must sign the roster in the cabin.
2.      Chess is an intellectual game, it requires careful thought.
3.      Jane – normally a timid girl – argued heatedly with them about it.
4.      Barbers, who are bald, often authoritatively discuss baldness with their customers, who are worried about losing their hair.
5.      Collecting stamps can be more than a hobby, it can be a profitable business.
6.      My mother asked me where I got that skirt?
7.      Without looking up from his desk, Dr. Smith said, “Miss, would you please sit down”?
8.      The trees, with the longest tread life, are not always the best buy.
9.      Present at the meeting were Mr. Lin, Chairman of the Department, Mr. Whiteman, a visiting scholar from Australia, and all the staff members in the department.
10.  All he ever wanted to be was an average, ordinary, typical, little, boy.
 
Exercise 8-4        Punctuation marks
       __________________________________________________________________
 
Add suitable punctuation marks whenever necessary.
1.      The peoples faith in their leader was shaken when he declared, “Half a days pay for a dull days work!”
2.      Marsha wears dresses that were commonly worn in her grandmothers days—the 1930s.
3.      Is this one of the waterproof shock-resistant models?
4.      A frequent visitor to classrooms the college president was known to most of the students.
5.      In the matter of study techniques, the writer advises students to look over their lessons quickly before careful reading, a practice which other writers have called “pre-reading”; to use class time wisely, to commit regularly scheduled time to study, and to approach tests with a good attitude.
6.      Nathan Hale an American national hero said before his death “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country”
 
Exercise 8-5          
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In each of the following exercises, a comma fault is followed by four suggested revisions. Please put a tick in the blank if the revision solves the problem; otherwise, put a cross in the blank.
 
1.  Nepoleon was unwilling to risk a conflict with this country, consequently he promised to withdraw his troops speedily from Mexico.
(   )  A.   Napoleon was unwilling to risk a conflict with this country, so he promised to withdraw his troops speedily from Mexico.
(   )  B.   Napoleon was unwilling to risk a conflict with this country, thus he promised to withdraw his troops speedily from Mexico.
(   )  C.   Napoleon was unwilling to risk a conflict with this country; consequently he promised to withdraw his troops speedily from Mexico.
(   )  D.   Napoleon was unwilling to risk a conflict with this country, and consequently he promised to withdraw his troops speedily from Mexico.
 
2.  He said that it was so he was mistaken.
(   )  A.  He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however.
(   )  B.  He said that it was so; he was mistaken.
(   )  C.  He said that it was so, however he was mistaken.
(   )  D.  He said that it was so. He was mistaken.
 
3.  I worked in the office until 4 o’clock, I left without telling others.
(   )  A.  I worked in the office until 4 o’clock; then I left without telling others.
(   )  B.  I worked in the office until 4 o’clock, and then I left without telling others.
(   )  C.  I worked in the office until 4 o’clock. I left without telling others.
(   )  D.  I worked in the office until 4 o’clock, then I left without telling others.
 
4.    Her comments will not go unnoticed in fact they will probably appear in tomorrow’s paper.
(   )  A.  Her comments will not go unnoticed. In fact, they will probably appear in tomorrow’s paper.
(   )  B.  Her comments will not go unnoticed, in fact, they will probably appear in tomorrow’s paper.
(   )  C.  Her comments will not go unnoticed, in fact they will probably appear in tomorrow’s paper.
(   )  D.  Her comments will not go unnoticed; in fact, they will probably appear in tomorrow’s paper.
 
Exercise 8-6       
       __________________________________________________________________
 
Decide whether a comma or a semicolon or a dash or no punctuation at all is needed where there is a blank.
 
1.    We could leave on Wednesday (   ) or Thursday (   ) or Friday of next work.
2.    You can not go out (   ) because it is a stormy night (   ) moreover (   ) your homework hasn’t been done.
3.    It rained (   ) therefore the game was called off.
4.    In the same too-small house there lived Rosie (   ) his pretty (   ) trivial (   ) little wife (   ) John (   ) his son (   ) and his old mother (   ) a poor deaf crone.
       5.    The chief points that he brought out were (   ) he was essentially honest (   ) he was full of loyalty to his party (   ) and he was not responsible for the new outbreak of sentiment in the country.
6.    Three girls (   ) Jack (   ) Leslie (   ) and Margo (   ) came to my birthday party.
7.    We are (   ) of course (   ) delighted that (   ) you will be able to come to the party.