英语四六级语法备考指导:名词性从句
2010-07-31 00:50:27 来源： 作者： 评论：0 点击：
一、宾语从句 （Object Clause）
宾语从句为肯定句（由that 引导），在口语中that常省略。
（1）当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：
She says （that） she works from Monday to Friday. （从句是一般现在时）
She says （that） she will leave a message on his desk. （从句是一般将来时）
She says （that） she has never been to Mount Emei. （从句是现在完成时）
（2）当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. （从句是一般过去时）
He said （that） he was going to take care of the baby. （从句是过去将来时）
He said （that） they were having a meeting at that time. （从句是过去进行时）
注意：当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。
The teacher told us （that） nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
宾语部分为一般疑问句（由whether引导）
“Can you help me?” He asked.
He asked whether （if） I could help him.
She asked, “Will Lao Li come to my birthday party?”
She asked whether （if） Lao Li would come to her birthday party.
注意：在将一般疑问句转变成宾语从句时，一定要注意陈述句语序。
改写句子
1．Does Mr．Brown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？
→Could you tell us _________ Mr．Brown _________ living in China？
2．“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me．
→He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help．
3．Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know．
→Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday．
宾语部分为特殊疑问句
Goals determine what you are going to be.
Be absolutely determined to enjoy what you are doing.
He wants to know what our plan is for the National Day.
Mr. Li asks how he can go to the Beijing Railway Station.
The student can read whichever book he likes to read.
I want to know when the train leaves.
二、同位语从句（Appositive Clause）
在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）中的主要从句之一。
（一）同位语从句在句中的位置
1. 一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词（如answer, appeal, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, proposal, question, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, thought, news, idea, fact, promise, hope, message, understanding, truth等）的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。例如：
<1> The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.
<2> I‘ve come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
2. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。例如：
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again.
（二）同位语从句前名词的数
同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词（word除外）加以修饰。例如：
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening.
Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on October 15, 2003.
（三）同位语从句连接词的选用
1. 在英语中，引导同位语从句的词通常有连词（that, who, whether），连接副词（how, when, where）等。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
2. 表示“是否”的意思时只能用whether，不能用if。这一点与主语从句相似。例如：
The question whether he can finish the work within two days remains unknown.
3. 在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接；在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如：
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.
（四）同位语从句与定语从句的用法区别
（1）词类不同
同位语从句的名词只能是前面提到的几个有限的、有一定内涵的名词；而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。
（2）性质不同
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对其前名词的解释，该名词与同位语从句的关系可以用“主系表”来表达。例如：
We have all heard the news that our team has won.
名词与其后的同位语从句可以表达为：
The news is that our team has won.
（3）引导词不完全相同。
A. 有些引导词如：how, whether可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。what不可以引导定语从句，但却可以引导同位语从句。例如：
I have no idea what has happened to him.
B. 引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语，（指物时还可用which代替），如果在从句中作宾语常可以省略。that在同位语从句中虽不充当任何句子成份，但不能省略，也不能用which来代替。例如：
<1>The order that we should throw away our luggage was received yesterday.
<2>The order（that）we received yesterday was that we should throw away our luggage.
通过比较可知：第<1>句中的划线部分是对名词order的具体解释，that只起到连接作用，但不能省；第<2>句中的划线部分是名词order的修饰语，that代指the order，在从句中充当宾语，因而在句中可以省略。
宾语从句为肯定句（由that 引导），在口语中that常省略。
（1）当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：
She says （that） she works from Monday to Friday. （从句是一般现在时）
She says （that） she will leave a message on his desk. （从句是一般将来时）
She says （that） she has never been to Mount Emei. （从句是现在完成时）
（2）当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. （从句是一般过去时）
He said （that） he was going to take care of the baby. （从句是过去将来时）
He said （that） they were having a meeting at that time. （从句是过去进行时）
注意：当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。
The teacher told us （that） nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
宾语部分为一般疑问句（由whether引导）
“Can you help me?” He asked.
He asked whether （if） I could help him.
She asked, “Will Lao Li come to my birthday party?”
She asked whether （if） Lao Li would come to her birthday party.
注意：在将一般疑问句转变成宾语从句时，一定要注意陈述句语序。
改写句子
1．Does Mr．Brown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？
→Could you tell us _________ Mr．Brown _________ living in China？
2．“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me．
→He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help．
3．Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know．
→Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday．
宾语部分为特殊疑问句
Goals determine what you are going to be.
Be absolutely determined to enjoy what you are doing.
He wants to know what our plan is for the National Day.
Mr. Li asks how he can go to the Beijing Railway Station.
The student can read whichever book he likes to read.
I want to know when the train leaves.
二、同位语从句（Appositive Clause）
在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）中的主要从句之一。
（一）同位语从句在句中的位置
1. 一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词（如answer, appeal, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, proposal, question, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, thought, news, idea, fact, promise, hope, message, understanding, truth等）的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。例如：
<1> The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.
<2> I‘ve come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
2. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。例如：
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again.
（二）同位语从句前名词的数
同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词（word除外）加以修饰。例如：
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening.
Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on October 15, 2003.
（三）同位语从句连接词的选用
1. 在英语中，引导同位语从句的词通常有连词（that, who, whether），连接副词（how, when, where）等。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
2. 表示“是否”的意思时只能用whether，不能用if。这一点与主语从句相似。例如：
The question whether he can finish the work within two days remains unknown.
3. 在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接；在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如：
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.
（四）同位语从句与定语从句的用法区别
（1）词类不同
同位语从句的名词只能是前面提到的几个有限的、有一定内涵的名词；而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。
（2）性质不同
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对其前名词的解释，该名词与同位语从句的关系可以用“主系表”来表达。例如：
We have all heard the news that our team has won.
名词与其后的同位语从句可以表达为：
The news is that our team has won.
（3）引导词不完全相同。
A. 有些引导词如：how, whether可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。what不可以引导定语从句，但却可以引导同位语从句。例如：
I have no idea what has happened to him.
B. 引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语，（指物时还可用which代替），如果在从句中作宾语常可以省略。that在同位语从句中虽不充当任何句子成份，但不能省略，也不能用which来代替。例如：
<1>The order that we should throw away our luggage was received yesterday.
<2>The order（that）we received yesterday was that we should throw away our luggage.
通过比较可知：第<1>句中的划线部分是对名词order的具体解释，that只起到连接作用，但不能省；第<2>句中的划线部分是名词order的修饰语，that代指the order，在从句中充当宾语，因而在句中可以省略。
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